Dec 19, 2023 · Try another open tuning: Open E guitar tuning. Here are the steps to tune your guitar to an open G chord followed by an illustration of the open G tuning notes compared to standard tuning notes: Tune the 6th string (low E) down a tone (whole step) to D. Open D, which is the tuning we’re going to examine today, is tuned D A D F# A D, and when all six strings are played, they . Here’s the overview of which strings need to go up: A ↑ B. Tunings are usually represented by notes in Western music. The tunes represent a good selection of well-known Celtic session tunes, including jigs, reels, hornpipes, waltzes and songs. This stacks up like an E major chord in regular tuning but dropped down a tone. With open D, you need to downtune four strings—E, G, B, and e. The fastest way to play guitar is with open tuning. Open D tuning changes the tuning of all but two of the six strings on guitar. paypal. The open tuning allows the strings to vibrate, creating drones and overlapped notes that sound reminiscent of a harp or bagpipe. The first string (usually high E) should be tuned down a full step to D. 7 8 9 let ring let ring let ring Fmaj7 G/B Am C D. Apr 2, 2021 · Essentially, an open tuning is when you tune your guitar in a way that forms a full chord without pressing any of the strings. guitar. g. werdemusiker. The tuning mentioned above is the live tuning: DGDGBD. He is also the host of Felt Time, a bi-weekly show (Tuesdays 7 pm - 9 pm PST) on Dune Buggy Radio. No tuner? No problem! Here's the guitar tuning notes for Open E, plus a quick guide to how get there from standard (E-A-D-G-B-E) tuning. Tuning your guitar to “ Open G ” (DGDGBD) compliments Celtic music brilliantly. Lower the 3rd string by a semitone (half step) from G to F#. 3. This open-C tuning gives the initial harmonic series when a C-string is struck. co. Lower the 2nd string (B) down a tone to A. The song, also known as “Little Red Rooster,” features a traditional blues structure with a focus on slide guitar played in Open G tuning. B. Technically, D-G-C-G-C-D -- which defines D7sus4 -- is Scordatura "Open Extended" tuning. Open D and Open E tuning are the same, just like Open A and Open G. It's easy to play the same thing an octave higher or lower by just moving down (or up) three strings. Otherwise, loose strings can lead to poor intonation and buzzing. More precisely a few ways to approach chords with the instrument. Jimmy Page Robert Plant. client = OpenAI() client. Turn the tuning peg for this string away from you, raising the pitch of the string. 891. de/gitarren-crashkurs/ogtHey Leute,in diesem Video dreht sich a Oct 14, 2017 · SUBSCRIBE TO ANDY'S CHANNEL: http://goo. The top E (1st) string stays the same as from openai import OpenAI. Different Temperament Systems: May 22, 2024 · 25. The tuning is named after the chord that plays out. “Red Rooster,” performed by the legendary blues singer Howlin’ Wolf, is a classic blues track known for its raw and powerful sound. Jan 5, 2006 · Open Tuning. com Apr 6, 2023 · Open E tuning is as follows: E-B-E-G#-B-E. off of the band’s 2nd studio album “Vs”, is one of the more recent great examples of a song utilizing Open G tuning. String 1 is the thinnest, on the far right-hand side. Alternate Tuning - An Alternate tuning does not form a major chord when all strings are played open, although the open strings may form a chord. Nov 21, 2021 · 3. An ever-expanding resource of books, courses, lessons & videos. The fourth string should remain at the standard tuning of D. file=open("mydata. Feb 1, 2016 · The Rain Song. Lower your first string (high E) a whole step down to D. Tuning and String Tension 3. guitar songwriting. The Major Chords in Open D Tuning. Raise the G (3rd) string up by a tone (whole step) to A. Red Rooster by Howlin’ Wolf. 0:00 - Performance0:26 - I Home > Tuning > Open Tuning Open Guitar Tuning - Audio Tuners and Tips. " Live performance at Earls Court, London on May 24, 1975. It is to you I give this tune. Conventionally In the open tunings, your six strings are tuned up or down from their standard pitch to form a chord that sounds great just strumming the guitar without any fingering. Nov 29, 2023 · Follow the steps below to tune your guitar to Open Dm: Tune the 6th (low E) string down a whole step to D. Lower the D string to C. General Tips for Learning Open/Alternate Tunings. Keep turning the peg and plucking the string until you reach the note B. 2 Calculating Tensions. To play it, you’ll have to retune your acoustic from low to high: C-A-C-G-C-E with a capo on the 5th fret. Tune the G string (3rd string) half step down to F#. This tuning has inspired countl Fast track your guitar journey TODAY:https://www. Open D: D A D F♯ A D. The notes for open D tuning are: D-A-D-F#-A-D. The A string is tuned up a whole step to B; the D string is tuned up a whole step to E; and the G string goes up a half step to G#. Tune the 6 strings of your guitar to the following: F, A, C, F, C, F from 6th (heaviest) to 1st string. The third-string (usually G) should be tuned down half a step to F#. Aug 2, 2022 · Open F Tuning requires your guitar to be tuned to an F Major chord consisting of the notes F, A, and C. May 26, 2024 · E B G D A E 1 2 let ring let ring let ring let ring Intro = 71 Gradual accel. One of the more famous pieces of the 19th century was Henry Worrall's Open D piece called "Sebastopol". You don't need to learn chords or theory. To tune your guitar into Open C, you need to change your strings to C G C G C E. Expert Tip: To be more precise, this song utilizes an alternative version of open G tuning. Open D, for example, is tuned to D A D F# A D; DADGAD Tuning: Favored in folk, it offers a distinctive sound and simple fingerings for intricate chords. Open E is an alternate guitar tuning in which the strings are tuned to E2, B2, E3, G#3, B3, E4 (low to high). The A and D strings stay the same as in standard tuning. Mar 6, 2018 · https://goo. The 6th string is often left out, as Open G tuning is designed to emphasize the key of G, and the 6th string tuned to D can introduce a note that doesn’t always harmonically align with some chords within the key, notably Am and Bm. gl/nDtSmJLESSON WRITEUP & RECOMMENDED SONG: https://www. but one octave lower. org, allows you to tune your guitar to this specific tuning with ease, directly from your web browser. Jun 8, 2024. You are going to learn several ways to play open g tuning chords that sound a Jul 3, 2017 · Guitar tuning. However, it is commonly referred to as "Open Page" after its creator, Jimmy Page. A great advantage DADGAD tuning offers is the ease with which one can create unusual- sounding chords. hrs: 31. The strings are tuned, from low to high, C-G-C-G-C-E. Shop our full range In this video, I am going to show you how to play your guitar in open g tuning. Bad to the Bone has a classic blues riff that featured in some Bo Diddley songs as well. uk/online-lessons/george-ezra-barcelona/Ge May 20, 2023 · Normal tuning: E A D G B E. Leave the G string. Though chords are not very hard to play, rhythm can get quite fast, so try using a thin pick for pacing up comfortably. Technically, this is actually an A chord with 11th, 9th and 7th scale degrees added and an E in the bass. Aug 25, 2023 · Step one is actually tuning to open D. Using open D as a starting point obviously means the goalposts have moved regarding fretting hand fingering and chord shapes, but what is lost in one May 28, 2019 · Klicke hier für meine 10 kostenlosen Gitarrenlektionen für Anfänger: https://www. Leave the E string (first string) as it is. While the file is processing, you can still create a fine-tuning job but it will not start until the file processing has completed. Jul 3, 2023 · This super catchy track is played in a variant of open C tuning. Daughter by Pearl Jam (1993) This famous alternative rock song by Pearl Jam. Lower the 3rd string (G) down a whole step to F. Nov 25, 2013 · The correct tunings for every song from Led Zeppelin's first seven studio albums, plus their live tunings. 3 4 let ring Fmaj7 G/B Am. Don Feb 5, 2024 · How to Tune to Open E Tuning. Tune it down a tone (whole step) to G. 10 11 let ring let ring let ring let ring Fmaj7 Am C G. Discover these 5 cool approaches you can use to sound great instantly, using open tunings on your guitar. Open tunings, in contrast to the Standard tuning of E A D G B E, play a full chord when all the strings are played. Sep 4, 2023 · A guitar tuned to an open tuning produces an open chord when all strings are strummed simultaneously. Below are a couple examples of this type of tuning in action. D. Pro tip: The Fender Online guitar tuner can help you tune your guitar to the Here are the steps to help you easily tune your guitar to play in open A tuning: The low E and A strings stay the same as in standard tuning. The second string (usually B) should be tuned down a full step to A. Nov 22, 2022 · When we first start out playing guitar, we begin with standard tuning, that is: E – A – D – G – B – E. Now when you play the open strings, you get a D chord, and a barre at fret 5 will produce a G chord. Open F Tuning: C-F-C-F-A-C Very low. Gradually turn the tuning peg of the low E string (the 6th string) while plucking both strings. andyguitar. You may want to change to heavier strings for this one. With the examples below, you could say I’m coming from the Keith Richards 4 days ago · Open Tuning. However, the fourth string (D) is tuned up a whole step to E, the third string (G) is tuned up a half step to G#, and the second string (B) remains the same. everyone knows that open tuning's sound amazing, but there's something really special about the music we can get out of the sound of an, "open g minor" tunin Modal tuning is another type of open tuning that sounds a suspended fourth chord when you play all the open strings together. Jul 22, 2016 · Actually, there are several different tunings for Open A Major on guitar. It is the summer of my smiles – flee from me Keepers of the Gloom. Structure and Use of Open E. Fine-tuning. The D string (4th string) stays the same. Additionally, you can play other open chords by barring a single finger across all six strings on the same fret. gl/J5Cf3qThe What and How of Open A Tuning: TB188POSTING SCHEDULENew Blues focused guitar lesson posted every single Tuesday. At a high level, fine-tuning involves the following steps: Prepare and upload training data; Train a new fine-tuned model; Evaluate results and go back to step 1 if needed; Use your fine-tuned model; Visit our pricing page to learn more about how fine-tuned model training and usage are billed. Nov 21, 2023 · Chords in Open G. But if you 're looking for the open A major tuning for blues slide guitar, then thi Once closed loop is enabled, the commanded AFR will be 14. The C-C-G-C-E-G tuning uses the harmonic sequence (overtones) of the note C. create(. Lower the 5th string to match the tone when you fret the 6th string at the 7th fret. It appeared on the band’s legend album Led Zeppelin III. 2. Page used Feb 27, 2024 · Alternate Tunings Include: Open Tunings: These set the guitar to a chord when strummed open. Create your Account and get Pro Access 80% OFF. Strings 1/2/6 all remain the same, but double check them on your tuner once you’ve tuned up 3, 4 & 5. Then stop the scan after the first run, make the changes to the MAF table, flash the new tune & retest. me/jeffmcerlainVenmo@Jeff-McErlainJam Tracks - Dec 28, 2022 · To tune to Open D by ear from standard guitar tuning, follow these instructions: Play the open 4th string (D), and lower the 6th string down a whole step. Here's how to tune to Open A Baritone Tuning from Standard. When scanning the WOT, bring the car to a complete stop before going WOT in second gear. String 6 is the thickest, on the left-hand side of the chord diagram. Just click on the “Start tuner” button on the Open G guitar tuner below and pluck the strings of your guitar. To play open E, the sixth, fifth, and first strings remain the same as in standard tuning. These major barre chords are moveable chord forms. doctorgroovymerch. Open guitar tuning is a form of alternate tuning (from the standard E A D G B e) based around the notes of a major or minor chord. Here’s how you would adjust your strings from standard tuning to open E: Start by plucking the 5th (A) string. An altered tuning can be almost any combination of notes; Jimmy Page, Nick Drake, and Joni Mitchell have all used both altered and open tunings. 1. Support for fine-tuning with function calling and gpt-3. Join my video tutorial to explore some chords and fingerings with me. Post a comment. From lowest to highest, your strings will be tuned as follows: D-A-D-F#-A-D. So, if you’re going to learn songs like Crossroads Blues, use the variation below. Your A and D strings will stay the same. Raise the B (2nd) string up one whole step to C#. Mar 18, 2024 · Also Spanish tuning a whole step higher than G, raises the D, G, and B strings to achieve an A major chord. pickupmusic. Learn how to customize a model for your application. Fret 7 barre will give you an A chord. When tuning down (e. However, there are many other guitar tunings you can use to create new sounds or play certain songs. 0. The strings are tuned to the following notes: D 2 G 2 C 3 G 3 C 4 D 4 Sep 27, 2022 · “Open tunings” are when the unfretted or open strings of the guitar are tuned in such a way as to sound a specific chord. Open tuning creates the opportunity to play unusual chord voicings, and by utilizing “drone” and “sustained” strings, strumming takes on a whole new sound. When you play all of the strings open (without pressing them against a fret) they will play a C chord. To calculate string tensions for lower tunings: For a half-step down, multiply the string tension by 0. Nov 2, 2021 · Open tunings vastly expand the possibilities of a guitar in standard tuning. files. When dealing with guitars, an open tuning is where the strings are tuned differently from “standard” tuning (EADGBE) in such a manner that strumming with no strings fingered or fretted generates a major or minor chord. Mar 2, 2021 · March 2, 2021. You only need to use 1 finger, 2 ears, and YOUR heart. String 3: Tune this one up a half step to G#. For example, tuning a guitar to DGDGBD low to high is Open G, and strumming with no strings fretted sounds a G from openai import OpenAI. Example 5 Sep 18, 2022 · Posts: 6. When all the strings are played open, the chord form is actually Gmaj/5. It isn’t hard to feel me glowing – I watched the fire that grew so low. Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp – Led Zeppelin. 5-turbo-16k will be coming later this fall. Times vary / All Day. Five guitarists across various genres tell us why they use open tunings and how alternate tunings can help 7. Our Open G guitar tuner will handle the rest and guide you on whether you Aug 23, 2017 · Open A tuning is an alternate guitar tuning with the strings tuned in a way they form A major chord when played open. 1 Lower Tunings. Different open tunings are prevalent in a wide variety of musical styles such as blues, rock, country and folk. Open Page. May 3, 2023 · A little overview of some of the tools I use to get by on dobro. 5 6 let ring let ring let ring let ring Am E/G# Am/G D/F#. Here is a beautiful acoustic Zeppelin song, Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp, released in 1970. ). In this post, I’ll go over what defines a particular tuning, provide a list of popular guitar tunings, and more. I’ve gone for classic open D (from low to high): D A D F# A D. C-C-G-C-E-G. When in standard tuning the strings of the guitar (6th – E, 5th – A, 4th – D, 3rd – G, 2nd – B, and 1st – E), form an A11/E chord. Next, it's the A string. Lower the 6th string to the same tone as the open 5th string . Open D tuning, for example, is so common that it has its own name among blues players: Vestapol tuning. Tune it down two whole steps by turning the tuning peg clockwise towards you. Musicians from all genres, ages, and Steps to tune your guitar to Open D with open guitar tuning: Tune the low E string (6th string) one whole step down to D. As with any open guitar tuning, strumming all the strings open will play the major chord of the tuning. Like with other open tunings, you are tuning your strings so they play a chord when strummed open—in this case, a D major chord. I have combed the I-Net &, as far as I can tell, Rain Song is the only song in Oct 13, 2020 · Open tunings are tunings that require the strings of the guitar to be tuned to the notes of a chord. Can I fine-tune GPT-4? How do I access fine-tuning with GPT-4 to create a custom model? Jan 18, 2021 · Open C tuning is exactly what it sounds like. Posted June 4, 2014. With the authentic picking style of Jimmy Page, the song elevates itself. When you're in open E tuning, for example, if you strum across all 6 strings open (without fretting), you will hear the chord E major. Because of the popularity of this piece during that time, the tuning itself became known as the "Sebastapol" or "Vestapol" tuning. Our Open G guitar tuner, provided to you by OnlineTuner. Then lower the A string down to G. This song is played in C-A-C-C-C-E tuning, slightly different from Open C. It’s a FREE festival celebrating live music through creating, performing, experiencing, and listening. between tempos throughout the song Am E/G# 4 4 Am/G D/F#. Check the diagram: Open D is a common tuning for slide guitar, particularly older school slide guitar. Open G tuning gets its name from the open G chord because it requires guitarists to tune their strings to the notes that make up a G chord: G, B, and D. For example, when your guitar is tuned to the open G tuning, playing just the six open strings produces a major G chord. In FIGURE 5, simply fretting the fourth, third and second strings two frets higher than the sixth and fifth strings creates “6sus2” chord voicings. days: 20. Aug 22, 2023 · Fine-tuning is most powerful when combined with other techniques (opens in a new window) such as prompt engineering, information retrieval, and function calling. Both open A tuning and slide guitar technique are staples for playing the blues. The most common tuning for acoustic steel guitar (Dobro) is open G: D. Continue reading to learn more about how to play in open F tuning, including chords, scales, and more. String 4: Tune this one up a whole step to E. Leave the 5th string (A) and fourth string (D) unchanged. The D, G, and B strings stay the same as in standard tuning. Open D tuning has the notes D, A, D, F#, A, and D. Finally, do a quick confirmation run of each string from lowest to highest (string 6-1) to confirm that the strings are arranged ‘C G C G C E. Get 30% off all of my video courses with code “NOV30” at checkout! https://rhettshullguitarcourses. In open D minor tuning, your strings would be tuned as follows: • D (lowest string) • A • D • F • A • D (highest string) Now that you’re familiar with the differences between standard tuning and open D minor tuning, here’s how you’ll tune your guitar to open D minor: • Start by tuning your low E string down one whole step to Jul 12, 2019 · #OpenEtuning #guitartuning #guitardiscoveriesRobert Cassard demonstrates how to get inspired by tuning your guitar to Open E. An important thing to note in the Open G tuning is the fact that the Open 6th string is not the root note of the G scale; its the fifth of the scale. Open G, let's discuss!Tip Jarhttps://www. Listen for it in such songs as “ Big Yellow Taxi ” by Joni Mitchell and “The Cave” by Mumford and Sons. Match the 4th string, so it sounds an octave lower than the 4th. Guitar tuning is a pitch assignment of the open strings of a guitar ( electric, acoustic, classical, etc. ’. In open A, your strings would be tuned as follows: • E (lowest string) • A • E • A • C# • E (highest string) Now that you’re familiar with the differences between standard tuning and open A tuning, here’s how to tune a guitar to open A: • Start by tuning your D string up one whole step to E • Next, tune your G string up one Kashmir uses an open “D” , also called “DADGAD” tuning, but Page utilized a number of different open tunings on different songs like, Bron-Y-Aur, Friends, Going to California, Ten Years Gone, The Rain Song, Moby Dick, and more. Folk, blues, and rock have used Open D tuning. The studio is: CFCFAC. May 24, 2021 · Donations Via Paypal: mrmrswoodworker@aol. Raise the D (4th) string by a tone (whole step) up to E. You are almost there; tune the B string (second string) half a step up to C. The Open D tuning has been around for well over a century. To tune the low E string to D, at first play the open D string (the 4th string) and the 6th (low E) string simultaneously. G. The fretboard below show the notes for a Standard Guitar when "Open Page" is used. The A string (5th string) stays the same. Lower the second string (B) down a whole step to A. The studio and live versions of Bron y aur stomp have different tunings and I think it's because Page did not want That's the way and Bron to be in the same key on the album. jsonl", "rb"), purpose="fine-tune" ) After you upload the file, it may take some time to process. The resultant tuning is, low to high, E B E G# B E, which is the same set of Mar 24, 2023 · Let’s clarify the tuning used before we start. This means that the strings on the guitar would be tuned to give the 1st, 4th, and 5th notes of a certain root note’s major scale. In other words, you can play an open chord without any finger The Stones, Robert Johnson, Ry Cooder, Led Zeppelin, and more. As discussed already, barring any of the top 5 strings in Open G will result in a major chord. Bad to the Bone – George Thorogood. Oct 17, 2023 · An open tuning is where the open strings of the guitar are tuned to a chord: in this case, G major (low to high: DGDGBD). Open Tunings Made Easy for Your Acoustic Guitar Playing | Ultimate Guitar. If you remember from your chord theory, the "/x" represents what note of the chord is in the bass; in this case, the 5th of Sep 26, 2012 · Gender:Male. :) Open E Tuning. Starting from the lowest note, the interval structure corresponds to 1, 5, 1, 3, 5, 1. Apr 28, 2016 · While a lot of people use more common open tunings like Open D and Open G, this C6 tuning (C-A-C-G-C-E) is most often associated with Jimmy Page. 7 at operating temp when not in PE. Slide open A tuning makes your strings have an E-A-E-A-C♯-E sequence. In open G tuning, you can play a G chord without having to Open Tuning - An open tuning is defined as one that forms a major chord when all the strings are played open (no strings fretted by the left hand). com/Today we're looking at open D tuning, how it works, an Apr 20, 2016 · Open E tuning is achieved by raising the pitches of your A, D and G strings while leaving the low E, B and high E strings tuned normally. Jul 13, 2023 · Before making any adjustments, ensure your guitar is in standard tuning (E-A-D-G-B-E). Now play the 4th string again and lower the 1st string down a whole step from E to D. Barre all the strings down at the same fret to play major chords up and down the fretboard of the guitar in open D tuning. There are a few more chords/ideas hidden around here, but I shall leave those to you. How do I format my fine-tuning data for the OpenAI API? Learn about different data formats required for fine-tuning different OpenAI models. com/master-classes/beginner-learning-pathway?via=joeyHere's a brief guitar lesson on one of my f Nov 28, 2023 · As mentioned in Example 3, you can move around notes in a chord to find other chords or inversions. Open G tuning is an alternate tuning that allows guitarists to play a G major chord without having to touch any frets or use a capo. Open D Tuning. That is, the guitar is in Open, subcategory Extended alternate tuning. The English guitar used a repetitive open-C tuning that approximated a major-thirds tuning. DADGAD: D-A-D-G-A-D A modal tuning that isn’t technically an open tuning (since it doesn’t form a major or minor chord when strummed open Mine's a 17. comMerchandise: https://www. You are the sunlight in my growing – so little warmth I’ve felt before. The rhythm punches with a lot of attitude as a classic blues-rock song with some slide guitar techniques thrown in. While standard tuning (E-A-D-G-B-E) remains the most versatile for most guitarists, open tunings can practically transform your guitar into a whole new instrument. Open Tuning Music Festival returns to the streets of Toronto’s Seaton Village, a Toronto neighbourhood bordered by Bloor, Dupont, Bathurst, and Christie. , drop D or lower), thicker strings are necessary to maintain proper tension. Open tunings are traditionally used in blues and folk music, especially when playing slide. Jeffrey Silverstein Jeffrey Silverstein is a musician, writer, and educator living in Portland, Oregon. Speak to me only with your eyes. For example, in open D tuning (D, A, D, F#, A, D) just strumming your guitar makes a D chord. How to Tune ‘Slide’ Open A. G (stays the same) C (tuned up a half step from B) E (highest string, stays the same) Now that you know the difference between standard and open C tuning, here’s how you tune a guitar to open C: Start by plucking the low E string. Shop our full range Jan 17, 2024 · Now leave the G string (third string) as it is. In this v Apr 10, 2017 · Open C tuning is an open guitar tuning, where open-string notes create a C major chord with the triad (C, E, G) having the root note C, the major third (C, E), and the perfect fifth (C, G). Dec 12, 2019 · There are a few different variations for open C tuning, but let’s focus on the most popular version. This video appears to have it all ! Answers to que Here’s how to tune your guitar to open D tuning in simple steps: Tune the 6th string (low E) down a tone (whole step) to D. The guitarist's guide to Open D tuning. First, you need to lower the low E string to C. One advantage to this tuning is that you have three sets of strings one octave apart for each note in a major chord. The most commonly used open guitar tunings are open E, D, G and A. Oct 13, 2020 · No tuner? No problem! Here's the guitar tuning notes for Open A, plus a quick guide to how get there from standard (E-A-D-G-B-E) tuning. So in Open E tuning an E major chord sounds without the need of fingering. String 5: Tune this one up a whole step to B. Because of its relatively limited fretting from openai import OpenAI. This D7 is a great example of how an alternative or open tuning can give us a broader soundstage for what might seem like basic chords on paper. Jan 31, 2023 · The fifth string should remain at the standard tuning of A. Alternate tunings create different sonic textures, can be complex to pull off well, and is one of the many Sep 15, 2020 · If you want to learn this entire lesson on Open Tunings & how to apply these tunings to songs with the slide guitar, get this entire video course at https:// May 28, 2019 · An added twist is to use whammy-bar vibrato, as shown in bar 2. SUBSCRIBE to learn h Mar 22, 2018 · "Open Page" or "The Rain Song" tuning Jimmy Page used a guitar tuned to D G C G C D for the recording of Led Zeppelin's "The Rain Song. Standard tuning is E-A-D-G-B-e. Check out our fine-tuning guide (opens in a new window) to learn more. Tune the B string (2nd string) one whole step down to A. pf fn sm bw cz bk su ra ms jx